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Documents 1-13. “Planning and Discussion”
1) How do you think Kennedy’s concerns about the damage to the international image of the United States threatened by direct U.S. military intervention directed his decision-making in the planning process for the Bay of Pigs invasion?
The Bay of Pigs invasion was never planned by President Kennedy; in any case the United States image globally was never a threat, because it was still the superpower and commanding huge influence. The decision to topple Fidel Castro’s regime was an indirect attack on USSR which was a competing superpower to the US. So by the time Kennedy became president the incursion plot had already been drafted, what had been left for Kennedy was nothing less of an order to commence the assault.
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2) How much reliance on misinformation and arbitrary guesswork did the Central Intelligence Agency and the Joint Chiefs of Staff undertake in the planning stages of the invasion? How do they arrive at the conclusion that no overt U.S. action would be necessary?
3) What major objections did some U.S. officials express regarding the proposed invasion of Cuba? On what grounds did they oppose the invasion? Were these objections legitimate? Why or why not?
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4) In what ways did the changes that the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the CIA made to the Bay of Pigs invasion plan compromise its military effectiveness? How did Kennedy’s hesitation in deploying a second air strike further jeopardize the mission?
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Documents 14, 16, 26-29 “Failure and Reorganization”
1) Do the documents suggest that Kennedy and his advisors learned anything from the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion attempt, and if so, what specifically?
2) Do the documents suggest that Kennedy understood that his insistence on keeping the appearance of U.S. involvement to a minimum in the invasion carried the seeds of its failure? Which documents in this section might suggest this?
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3) What do the continued assertions that planning for overt military action in Cuba should not be considered as probable or immanent suggest about the Kennedy administration’s position on the prospect of forcibly removing Fidel Castro from power after the failure of the Bay of Pigs?
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References
White, M. J. (Ed.). (2001). The Kennedys and Cuba: The declassified documentary history. Ivan R Dee.
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